Ques 1.

a) Define and explain a thermodynamically reversible process.

 b) 0.25 mol of an ideal monoatomic gas undergoes isothermal expansion from a volume of 2.0 dm3 to 10 dm3 at 27 oC. Calculate the maximum work that can be obtained from this process.

Ques 2.

a) Define standard enthalpy of formation and describe a method for its direct determination with the help of an example.

Ques 3.

b) Differentiate between enthalpy driven and entropy driven reactions with the help of suitable examples.

Ques 4.

a) Give the statements of Zeroth, First, Second and the Third laws of thermodynamics and outline their significance.

Ques 5.

b) What is reaction quotient and how is it helpful in determining the direction of a given reaction?

Ques 6.

a) In the following equilibrium, predict the direction of shift of equilibrium for each condition listed below: 

i) Addition of 

ii) increased pressure

iii) lowering of temperature.

Ques 7.

b) Define degree of ionisation of a weak electrolyte and discuss the factors affecting it. 

Ques 8.

a) Explain the effect of common ions on the ionisation equilibria of weak acids with the help of a suitable example.

Ques 9.

b) Define solubility product constant and derive the relationships between solubility and solubility product constants for salts of AB2, A2B types.

Ques 10.

a) List various methods of preparation of benzene and also write one chemical reaction for each case.

Ques 11.

b) Write the mechanism of Friedel-Craft’s alkylation. What are its limitations?

Ques 12.

a) Explain why Nitro group is meta-directing deactivator?

Ques 13.

b) Which one of the following would undergo faster  reaction? Explain  or 

Ques 14.

a) In normal reaction conditions, chlorobenzene does not react with NaOH, but 1- chloro-4-nitrobenzene reacts with NaOH in these conditions. Explain.

Ques 15.

b) Write the chemical equation and mechanism of pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement.

Ques 16.

a) How will you perform following conversions?

i) Phenol to p-bromophenol ii) 1,3-dihydroxyphenol to 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanal

Ques 17.

b) How will you prepare tert-butylmethyl ether?

Ques 18.

Arrange the following carbonyl compounds in the order of their favourability for formation of nitriles:

Ques 19.

 and 

Justify your answer.

Ques 20.

b) Taking suitable example write the mechanism of Mannich reaction.