Solve your Ignou Doubts

Make a summary ofthe given passage 
One cannot choose everything in life. Nowhere is this more applicable than when it comes to the kind of neighbours one ends up with. It is simply a matter in the hands of God. If one is lucky enough, one may be blessed with neighbours who are ready to help and share problems and can be depended upon in times of need. On the other hand, some of us have to put up with a bunch of troublemakers-neighbours who have nothing better to do than to be too interested in what is going on at the house next door and who are always eager to create an unpleasant scene or commotion. The truth is, one cannot really isolate oneself completely from the people around. The tie between man and society is not only age-old but essential for the survival of man. For an individual, the mere fact of the existence of the society is a strong reason for feeling secure. As our neighbours are the people dwelling closest to us, we cannot naturally avoid communicating and socializing with them. Constant interaction among
neighbours is all the more inevitable nowadays as a result of the large number of flats mushrooming in suburbs, towns and cities. The flat system has brought people closer to each other especially as they are required to share public facilities like the car parking space, the elevators and the garbage disposal arrangement. In such cases, people cannot help but bump into each other while going to and fro.
Moreover who else can we depend upon when suddenly confronted with problems and requiring help especially in case of an emergency? Only our neighbours can respond quickly and save the situation. For instance, if a burglar were to suddenly attack your house, would you not cry out for help hoping that your neighbours would hear you and come to your rescue? And, if possible, would windows or loitering by their front doors with a hungry gleam in their eyes, keeping a lookout for everything that might be happening next door. Such people are a great nuisance, for everyone has a right to privacy. Gossiping among neighbours about each other and mainly those who are not ready to join them in their chats is another irritating problem. Half-truths and total lies are exchanged and rumors thrown around - all these just because of their curiosity and carving for excitement. Sometimes neighbours can totally refuse to cooperate and break the unity of the neighborhood. In extreme cases, neighbours, for what would seem a trivial mistake, get ready to shake their fists and create an uproar.
Often misunderstanding cause neighbours to view each other as sworn enemies. In this fastpaced life we lead today, there is not much time available for leisure. Most of the time one is involved in some kind of work or the other. People who are loaded with work from morning to evening cannot be expected to pay social calls or frequently visit their neighbours for friendly chats. This is generally mistaken as a sign of total disrespect for social norms and obligations. Neighbours need to understand that it is not necessary to pour attention over each other in order to be good neighbours.
One cannot do away with one’s neighbours however bad they may be. At the same time, one annot live without trustworthy neighbours who would be concerned enough to help in times of distress. Each one of us must ensure that we act as good neighbours. It would be good to remember that we should do unto our neighboursjust as we would expect themto do unto us

Make notes of the following passage, using deviceslike headings,sub-headings, numbering,
shortened devices, whichever you think is appropriate. (15)
They have changed life for most of us. In a span of less than fifty year’s time, they have influenced practically every field of activity. And they have done it neither with a bang nor with a whimper, but efficiently and silently. Not a shot has been fired, not a drop of blood has been shed, but a revolution has all the same been accomplished by the ubiquitous computer.
The computer has removed the tediousness of many a job. Robots controlled by computers carry out routine jobs in industry. The economist is able to make graphs and tables at the press of abutton.
In the medical field too, doctors use computers to help diagnose diseases. Artificial intelligence system enables computers programmed with vast amount of data to ‘think’ about numerous possibilities and make a diagnosis.
The personal computer-a desktop or handheld affair-has actually invaded the home now and taken over the tasks of writing and keeping household accounts. Networks can now be established enabling people to exchange news, financial and travel information and other data.
Computers have made their presence felt most in the field of communication. Today the entire world is interlinked through satellite. On a smaller scale, computer networks allow people to communicate by using electronic mailing in a matter of minutes over long distances. The most complicated machines in history, computers are arguably the most useful as well. Even art has not escaped the computer’s attention. Who could have conceived of Jurassic Park if computers had not been there? Computers are increasingly indeed indispensable in the home, school and work place even in a developing country like India. And they make no noise about it.

Fill in the blanks with some, none, any: 
i)…………of these books are interesting.
ii)………..of them offered to help me.
iii) Have you ............................. reason to complain against them?

Fill in the blanks with question tags: 
i) We can pay by card.............................................?
ii) She likes chocolates ....................................... ?

Make questions for the following answers:
i) Do not wait for me, I will be coming late.
ii) I can do this for you.

Use proper suffixesto form the opposites: 
i) Happy
ii) Bailable
iii) Capable

Use the right form of verbs to fill in the blanks:
i) The children ....................happy to go swimming.
ii) He...................................... his work, much before the scheduled time.
iii) Where ................................................. you go last night?
iv) Whatever happens, work ..........................................on as usual.
v) Youhave to .................................... your assignmentsto get the degree.

Write a letter of acceptance for a new job offer.

Write a resignation letter to your organization.

Alternative health care systems

Night duty experiences

Positive thinking helps in recovery

Discuss the facts on which a clinical case study is prepared.

Describe the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy and draw flow chart.

Describe the Nursing Department organization of your hospital and draw flow chart.

Read the following passage and answer the following questions:
During the past few centuries, with the increase in human population, biodiversity has come under tremendous pressure. Biological extinction, which led to the disappearance of one species in several hundred years, has now been replaced by an accelerated rate of extinction-one species every year.
This is the result of the extensive habitat changes brought by mankind. If the same pace continues,
an estimated one-fourth to one-third of species is likely to become extinct within the next few
decades. Over all, roughly 1000 birds and mammals are now thought to be in jeopardy. Although
endangered animals, e.g. tigers in Asia, cheetahs in Africa, whales in the Antarctic, whooping
cranes in North America, etc., receive great public attention, plant extinctions are often more
significant ecologically. According to Peter H. Raven, Director of theMissouri Botanical Garden, a
disappearing plant can take with it ten to thirty dependent species such as insects, higher animals,
and even other plants. The International Union for Conversation of Nature and Natural Resources
(IUCN) finds about 10 per cent of the world’s flowering plants to be dangerously rare or under
threat.
These estimates of species at risk understate the true problem’, for they deal only with known and
higher life forms. It seems probable that many unnamed species are disappearing in scientifically
uncharted tropical areas. In his book The Sinking Ark, Norman Myers surmises on the basis of
exploitation that, right now, at least one species might be disappearing each day in tropical forests
alone. Even outside the tropics, many small, obscure organisms such as worms, mites, beetles and
herbs may be disappearing. without our knowledge. Besides, an examination of the survival
prospects of all forms of plant and animal life- including obscure, fens, shrubs, insects, mollusks,
elephants and wolves - indicates that huge number of them have little future. Loss of such a
multitude of species would constitute an irreversible alternation in the nature of the biosphere even
before we understand its workings- an evolutionaryRubiconwhose crossing Homo sapiens would do
well.
1) A) 1) Why has the natural environment suddenly come under great pressure? Give example from the passage to showthe pressure. (3)
2) If extinction continues at this place, what is the prediction for the present and the
future? (3)
3) Name the different life formsthat are affectedbyourindifference toour environment. (5)
4) What are Norman Myers comments about the tropical forest in his book “The
Sinking Ark”? (3)
5) What will be the effect of the loss of various living things on earth, mean for
mankind? (2)
6) Give your opinion and solution as to what we can do to save our environment. (4)

B) Match wordsin Column A with their meanings in Column B:

a) Cereals and tuber are rich sources of …………………..
b) Microorganisms responsible for food contamination can be categorized as Virus, Bacteria and …………………..
c) Tape worm, hook worm etc. are known as ………………….. infestations.
d) Adulteration of argemone seeds in mustard oil causes …………………..
e) Overactivity of thyroid gland is known as …………………..
f) Hypolipidemia implies decreased levels of ………………….. in blood.
g) Cyclamates and B.V.O. are dangerous food …………………..
h) Isoleucin and lysine are important …………………..
i) Butter, ghee, vanaspati are rich sources of ………………….. fats.
j) Fruits and vegetables are abundant sources of vitamins and …………………..

What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia. Suggest the management of hypoglycemic patient.

What is the significance of food laws and standards in promotion of public health? Suggest ways for its effective implementation.

Define hypothyroidism. What diet is suitable for such a patient?

Why is fibre important in daily diet, list important sources of fibre.

Discuss advantages of dietary survey in detail.

Name three diseases caused by dietary deficiency and three diseases caused due to excessive dietary intake, suggest measures for management of one disease disease from each category.

 Place tick mark (√) against ‘T’ if you consider the statement as true and ‘F’ if find the statement is false. 
a) The T- lymphocyte matures in the bone marrow and spleen of an individual (T/F)
b) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) has two gamma heavy chains and either 2 kappa or lambda light chains  (T/F)
c) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an example of T-dependent antigen (T/F)
d) Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is primarily transmitted through orofecal route (T/F)
e) Human helminthic parasites include ne\amatodes, cestodes and trematodes (T/F)

a. The ability of an organism to cause infection is called………………….

b. The causative agent of Whooping cough is ………………………. 

c. Both yellow fever and Dengue fever are transmitted through the bites of ………….mosquito.

d. Viruses responsible for causing common cold are………………………

e. A toxin that has been treated to destroy its toxic property without affecting its antigenicity is called …………………….

Place tick mark (√) against the most appropriate answer given under each statement.

a) Vaccination to prevent small pox was introduced by;
i) Louis Pasteur
ii) Edward Jenner
iii) Robert Koch
iv) Antony Van Leeuwenhock

b) All of the following bacteria has cell wall except
i) Mycoplasma
ii) Mycobacterium
iii) Meningococcus
iv) Micrococcus

c) Chinese letter arrangement is characteristic of one of the following bacterium:
i) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ii) Clostridium Tetani
iii) Bacillus Anthracis
iv) Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

d) ‘Negri bodies’ are found in the nerve cells infected with virus known as:
 i) CD, (Helper) T- lymphocyte
 ii) B-lymphocyte
 iii) CD, (suppressor) T- lymphocyte
 iv) Polymerph

With the help of a diagram, describe the life cycle of Leishmania Donovani. Mention how the diagnosis of Kala Azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis) is made.

How do fungi differ form bacteria? Write briefly about the characteristics of Candida albicans. Mention the various diseases caused by this fungus.

Define immunity. Differentiate between innate and acquired immunity. Enumerate the factors influencing the development of immunity in an individual.

Give the general characters of mycobacterium. How do you stain them in the laboratory? Name four mycobacteria of medical importance and the diseases caused by them.

Name the causative agents of the following diseases. How are they transmitted form the patient to a healthy person?

a) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

b) Hydrophobia

c) Chicken pox

d) Dengue fever

e) Measles

Draw a labeled diagram of a typical bacterial cell showing its various organelles. State the function of each of them. How do bacteria reproduce in nature?

Define chemotherapy. What is their source of production? Give two examples of commonly used antibiotics in hospital. Differentiate between a bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotic.

Place (tick mark) against the most appropriate answer given under each statement 

a. Force acting per unit surface area is called:
i. Pressure
ii. Work
iii. Energy
iv. Power

b. While biting the human jaw acts as a lever of the:
i. 1 st order
ii. 2 nd order
iii. 3 rd order
iv. None of these

c. Several forces act on the fractured leg of a patient in traction. The combined effect of these
forces into a single force is called as:
i. Magnetic force
ii. Gravitational force
iii. Resultant force
iv. Functional force

d. On squeezing the bulb of the dropper the pressure created inside the dropper is:
i. Less than atmospheric
ii. More than atmospheric
iii. Equal to the atmospheric
iv. None of these

e. The seat of the dentist’s chair is placed over the larger piston and the smaller piston is
operated by a foot pedal on the principle of:
i. Charles law
ii. Pascal’s law
iii. Boyle’s law
iv. Dalton’s law

f. Follicles of unwanted hair are destroyed by causing the cells of the follicle to disintegrate
chemically by:
i. Heating
ii. Cooling
iii. Electrolysis
iv. Mechanically

g. Rays absorbed by heavier materials like calcium and phosphorus and which can pass
through the tissues of human body and not through bones are:
i. Light rays
ii. Sound waves
iii. X-rays
iv. Infra-red rays

h. The physical quantity of the measurement 1.4 m correspond to:
i. Length
ii. Mass
iii. Time
iv. Pressure

i. Volume of gas varies inversely with the pressure if the temperature is constant refers to the
law stated as:
i. Boyle’s law
ii. Pascal’s law
iii. Charles’s law
iv. Dalton’s law\

j. Electronic devices that consist of minute microphone that picks up sound waves and
converts them into electric current which is amplified and passes to a miniature loud
speaker that fits into the ear are called:
i. Transistor radio
ii. Hearing aid
iii. Amplifier
iv. Head phone

Place a () mark against ‘T’ if you consider the statement as true and ‘F’ if you consider the statement as false.
i) An isotope which is artificially produced is generally unstable and is known as radioisotope.
ii) Ergosterol is a cholesterol derivative present in the stomach which produces vitamin D with the help of ultra violet light.
iii) The three ossicles, the malleus, heincus and the stapes stretch across the middle ear from the eardrum to the membrance of the oval window.
iv) A device that converts light energy to mechanical energy or vice versa is called a transducer.
v) To covert temperatures on Celsius Scale to Fahrenheit scale or vice versa the formula used is F+32/100 = C/180.
vi) Random error arises due to factors like incorrect caliberation of the instrument or consistently incorrect procedures adopted by a nurse.
vii) A nurse walking with good rubber soled shoes in the ward, as the heel strikes the ground, the friction between the heel and the surface make the foot slip.
viii) Patients in bed for a long time develop bed sores because the heavier portions press more firmly against the mattress than do the lighter portions and in turn receive a greater reaction force.
ix) The foetus inside the amniotic fluid in the uterus is protected till its birth because of the pascal’s law.
x) The constriction in the bore of the tube immediately above the bulb helps the column of mercury to continue to show the maximum level even after use in a clinical thermometer.

Describe the relationship between high blood pressure and thickening or arteries.

Explain the factors on which the flow of fluid through an orifice depends

Why is the (Operation Theater) OT uniform mostly cotton based?

What is diathermy. In which condition is it effective?

What does hypothalamus initiate if body temperature increased due to heavy exercise?

How is heat lost from our body (explain diagrammatically)?

Why underwater exercise suggested for the rehabilitation of muscles and joints?

What is buoyant force?

Difference between density and relative density

Describe he defects of vision and how are they corrected. Illustrate your answer with the help of a diagram.

Illustrate them with example of measurements taken by nurses

Explain the two types of errors present in measurement.

Describe the defect of vision and how are they corrected. Illustrate your answer with the help of a diagram.